Timeline of Events: 1231 Writs of Protection, Institutional Trust, and Reform (2025/26)

Dec 25, 2025
12 min read

Updated: 27 minutes ago

This page sets out a factual chronology of the rediscovery and return of the 1231 Cambridge Writs of Protection, alongside associated legal and institutional developments, and separate considerations of institutional reform, including matters relating to the Studentship Agreement (Ref: G552392) and the High Court claim (Ref: BL-2026-BHM-000006).

It documents a convergence of history and law, where founding principles, contractual duties, and modern governance met in a live test of institutional integrity.

This chronology captures the convergence in 2025 of two charters dating to 1231: the University of Cambridge’s Writs of Protection for scholars, and the Bohuš family charter in law and governance, reaffirmed in 1262 and 1520. These instruments, separate in origin but aligned in purpose, intersect in the modern context of an unprotected scholar. History does not repeat itself lightly, but it has a tendency to re-emerge when foundational duties require restoration.

The events recorded here arose where institutional practice had gradually drifted from its originating principles, and where the protections historically afforded to scholars required renewed scrutiny in contemporary form. The question presented was not merely one of contractual breach, but whether the underlying duties such contracts were meant to embody remained operative in practice.

Where institutional conduct no longer reflected the principles upon which it was founded, responsibility for upholding those principles necessarily shifted from institution to individual. The High Court proceedings therefore represent an effort to give modern legal effect to historic protections, translating duties once secured by royal writ into enforceable contemporary accountability through contract and public law.

Institutions evolve when pressure is applied from all sides; deterrence protects future students and preserves the institution itself across centuries.

This matter extends beyond a single dispute. It engages wider questions of institutional trust, investor confidence, and the integrity of the research ecosystem. Where scholars are left without effective protection, contractual certainty weakens, confidence erodes, and systemic risk emerges. The withdrawal of international funding partners following governance uncertainty illustrates the tangible consequences of such breakdowns.

History does not reappear as symbolism alone. In this instance, ancient charters and modern contracts converge to test whether founding principles remain operative in lived institutional practice—and whether accountability, when absent institutionally, must be asserted through law.

The return of the long-misplaced 1231 Writs of Protection was undertaken to restore the University’s historical foundations concerning scholar protection. The restoration of the writs was subsequently declined.

In carrying this duty forward, I continue the legacy of predecessors who, since 1231, upheld law and governance entrusted to them by royal charter. Where institutions falter, responsibility for preserving foundational principles does not disappear; it passes to those willing to act. This record reflects a living continuation of that duty in modern form. From charter to contract, from scholar to steward, this chronology affirms that protection, integrity, and accountability remain enduring obligations across centuries.

In that spirit, Bohuš Global Consultancy is being established to modernise this duty, not as a reaction to one institution, but as a reform-oriented response to systemic drift. Its purpose is to empower citizens to uphold accountability, restore contractual trust, and strengthen the rule of law where institutional protections have weakened. Institutions may forget; people remember. Reform begins not in rupture, but in recall.

This case has also exposed a deeper systemic issue: that the UK’s higher-education governance framework, particularly in relation to doctoral candidates and regulatory enforcement falls short of the standards expected across the European Union. As discussions concerning Erasmus+ re-association and EU–UK academic cooperation continue, this chronology highlights the need for renewed alignment. Scholars and students require clear protections, enforceable contracts, and institutional standards that meet or exceed EU norms. Anything less risks undermining trust, mobility, and the long-term integrity of cross-border research partnerships.

Accordingly, the matter has been formally registered with the European Commission as part of ongoing review processes concerning UK–EU educational alignment and academic cooperation.

All entries are supported by available records, filings, and correspondence, and are published in the public interest for transparency, education, and historical preservation.

Timeline:

25-26 November 2024 — The University of Cambridge issued a PhD Studentship Agreement for admitted students (Ref: G552392). The agreement was executed by Bayer US, NIAB, Bohuš, and the University of Cambridge.

18 December 2024 — NIAB Christmas Dinner Event; confirmation that Bayer US funding had been transferred to NIAB.

November 2024 – February 2025 — Early engagement with the doctoral project commenced, including preliminary work with NIAB.

January 2025 — Commencement of AI training connected to the doctoral project.

21 February – 14 April 2025 —Between these dates, at least four requests were made to the University of Cambridge for disclosure of the Board of Graduate Studies (BGS) terms governing the studentship, which were expressly incorporated by reference into the Studentship Agreement and Letter of Undertaking but had not been provided at execution. Despite repeated follow-up requests, the governing BGS terms were disclosed on 14 April 2025 in response to a Subject Access Request, shortly before the contractual PhD start date.

25 March 2025 — Formal letter (I) sent to the Registrary requesting internal resolution for the doctoral studentship agreement relied upon by NIAB, Bayer US and Bohuš.

2 April 2025 — Follow up letter (II) sent to the Registrary.

15 April 2025 — Follow up letter (III) sent to the Registrary.

29 April 2025 — A new partner joined Shakespeare Martineau LLP. Responsibility for conduct of the University’s defence in this matter later transferred to that partner as part of an internal transition.

29 April 2025 — Contractual PhD start date under the Studentship Agreement. The project did not commence following the University of Cambridge’s decision not to proceed with the studentship.

1 May 2025 — The University of Cambridge formally instructed Shakespeare Martineau LLP as its legal representatives.

4 May 2025 — Formal Election to Affirm & Demand for Immediate Performance

15 May 2025–12 November 2025 — Between these dates, multiple proposals for Alternative Dispute Resolution were made in pre-action correspondence, including an initial proposal on 15 May 2025, a further proposal on 20 August 2025, a structured mediation proposal on 10 October 2025, and a final letter on 12 November 2025 reiterating the invitation to engage in ADR. No ADR process was ultimately undertaken, and proceedings were thereafter commenced by way of a Part 7 claim.

9 June 2025 — The University of Cambridge published an article titled “Whistleblowing tech based on Cambridge research launched by the Guardian”, describing the launch by The Guardian of secure, anonymous messaging technology developed from Cambridge research. The article emphasised whistleblower protection, transparency, and the safeguarding of individuals who raise concerns within powerful institutions. In advance of subsequent public reporting, The Guardian was informed of the existence of the dispute concerning doctoral student protections and institutional governance, and was provided with non-confidential background information for awareness purposes.

11 June 2025 — The University of Cambridge issued a Completion of Procedures letter (Ref: AP/307613392(2)) via the Office of Student Conduct, Complaints and Appeals (OSCCA), formally completing a complaint handled under the Student Complaint Procedure for admitted students. Although OSCCA provides separate procedures for non-admitted applicants, the University elected to process the complaint under the route applicable to admitted students—while simultaneously maintaining that the individual had not been admitted.

26 June 2025 — Bayer US notified the University of Cambridge of its withdrawal from the Studentship Agreement (Ref: G552392), following the University’s decision to release the admitted student from the programme, with correspondence noting appreciation for the collaboration for the PhD project. The University did not inform the student of this release at the time. The student became aware of the decision only through Bayer’s correspondence.

1 July 2025–1 August 2025 — A positive comment referencing free speech and current events was removed from LinkedIn without explanation; the removal was reported. During this period, the University confirmed that, while reviewing its disciplinary arrangements, existing procedures must be interpreted and applied consistently with legislative and regulatory duties, explicitly including OfS registration condition E6 coming into force on 1 August 2025, with the Freedom of Speech Code taking precedence in the event of conflict.

1 July 2025 —A University-created Content Creator role with an initial application deadline of 1 September 2025, 5pm. Following the withdrawal of the CPR 31.16 hearing scheduled for 11 September (withdrawn several days prior), the job listing was updated and the application deadline extended beyond 11 September.

31 July 2025 — Correspondence concerning issues of student protection and institutional governance was personally read by the Royal Household, who replied within two days noting the matter with interest.

13 August 2025 — An enquiry was submitted to the University of Cambridge Archives and Heritage team requesting access to archival material relating to the University’s formal recognition by King Henry III in 1231. The enquiry arose from historical research noting that in parallel the Bohuš family received a royal charter in law and governance in 1231, reaffirmed in 1262 and 1520, prompting scholarly interest in viewing the University’s contemporaneous records. The request sought confirmation of whether the relevant documents were held by the University and guidance on accessing the original record or an authenticated copy.

14 August 2025 — The University of Cambridge confirmed that it did not hold the original 1231 Writs of Protection in its archives and that the records were understood to be lost.

August–November 2025 — Following confirmation that the 1231 Writs of Protection were considered lost, further historical research was undertaken in collaboration with the University archivist and The National Archives. This work led to the identification, verification, and restoration of the correct record (Close Rolls C 54/42, Membrane 13v).

11 September 2025 — A hearing date had been listed for pre-action disclosure under CPR 31.16 (Ref: BL-2025-000689). The application was subsequently withdrawn following a change in position, the provision of further documentation, and the decision to pursue a Part 7 claim.

11 September 2025 — A Part 7 claim (Ref: BL‑2025‑001116) was issued in the Business and Property Courts.

September 2025 — Establishment of a University Head of Strategy role, introduced after the escalation of governance, legal, and reputational considerations linked to the dispute and related public record activity, signalling a strategic coordination response rather than a structural governance remedy.

10 October 2025 — The Competition and Markets Authority confirmed that correspondence concerning consumer protection, contractual reliance, and systemic risk in higher education had been passed to its Intelligence Team for analysis. The matter was logged under reference CMAE2500239.

16 October 2025 — The matter concerning student protections, contractual governance, and institutional obligations was formally logged with the European Commission under reference Ares(2025)6450788. The submission highlighted concerns around cross-border research agreements, UK–EU regulatory divergence post-Brexit, and the implications for academic mobility and trust in higher education partnerships.

11 November 2025 (Remembrance Day) — An initial folio identified in the 1902 printed edition Close Rolls of the Reign of Henry III, preserved in the Public Record Office (published under the superintendence of the Deputy Keeper of the Records) as containing the 1231 Writs of Protection (Close Rolls C 54/42, Membrane 14d) was delivered to the University of Cambridge at the Old Schools as part of the restoration process. Further verification work confirmed that the 1902 calendar reference was incorrect and that the 1231 Writs of Protection are in fact recorded on Close Rolls C 54/42, Membrane 13v.

14 November 2025 — A University-created Social Media Assistant role, following increased public-facing activity and sustained external attention across digital platforms.

November 2025 — A University-created NIAB–Cambridge coordination role, following the emergence of operational and communication gaps between the partner institutions during the dispute period.

November 2025 — Second Partner joins Shakespeare Martineau (civil mediation expertise); involvement in the matter commenced January 2026.

December 2025 — A University-created Head of Post Award (Finance) role, following identified post-award financial and administrative issues arising during the dispute period.

3 December 2025 — By prior arrangement, the corrected historical record of the 1231 Writs of Protection(Close Rolls C 54/42, Membrane 13v; TNA Ref: RC7972178) was delivered to the University of Cambridge at the Old Schools, restoring the record prior to the 800-year anniversary in 2031. The Royal Household was informed of the delivery as part of the historical record.

4 December 2025 — Correspondence was received from the Department for Education (2025-0042509) addressing the studentship contract and institutional accountability. The Department confirmed that universities are subject to regulatory conditions under the Office for Students framework, including Condition C1 (consumer protection). The correspondence also acknowledged the systemic issue raised: that existing oversight mechanisms do not provide binding remedies for individual students, noting in particular that decisions of the Office of the Independent Adjudicator are not legally binding, and that the Office for Students and the Competition and Markets Authority do not intervene in individual contractual disputes.

8 December 2025 — The Royal Household updated regarding the authenticated return of the University of Cambridge’s 1231 Writs of Protection.

10 December 2025 — Lead Delivery Manager (University Information Services). A senior delivery governance role advertised to oversee high-risk, multi-team digital services, stakeholder agreements, and systemic delivery risks across core University platforms.

10 December 2025 — Solution Architect Tech Lead x2 (University Information Services). Two senior architecture leadership roles advertised to address system integration, dependency management, and technical governance across University services following identified coordination and control gaps.

11 December 2025 — Correspondence received from the University and its legal representatives. A short stay was proposed until 15 January 2026.

15 December 2025 — The University announced that Emma Rampton, Registrary, would step down from her role effective 31 December 2025.

22 December 2025 — University publishes vacancy for Change Partner (Fixed Term) within the Change & Programme Management Office, establishing multiple senior roles focused on institutional transformation, change delivery, and risk mitigation across Schools and Non-School Institutions.

23 December 2025 — The N1 Claim Form and Particulars of Claim, sent on 21 December 2025, were received by Shakespeare Martineau LLP at 7:12 on 23 December 2025 and are deemed effective from that date.

23 December 2025 — Following verification work carried out with the University of Cambridge archivist and The National Archives, the restored 1231 Writs of Protection (returned on 3 December 2025) were formally declined. At 17:17, the University of Cambridge confirmed it was not in a position to accept them.

5 January 2026 — Further correspondence from the European Commission in relation to the UK–EU aspects of the matter (Ares(2025)10996076; Ares(2025)6450788; Ares(2025)8971934; Ares(2026)37417; Ares(2026)39165).

6 January 2026 — Acknowledgment of Service filed in respect of the second Partner; correspondence transmitted by the lead Partner at Shakespeare Martineau.

4–7 January 2026 — Subject Access Request submitted on 4 January 2026 to the University of Cambridge regarding the handling and processing of the 1231 Writs of Protection, acknowledged at 11:11 on 7 January 2026 with formal reference number issued (Ref: GDPR-2026-01).

12 January 2026 — University publishes advert for Senior Contracts Manager within the Research Office, leading complex research contract negotiations, studentships, and high-value international agreements.

12 January 2026 — University publishes advert for Project Manager (Portfolio Analysis) within the Institute of Professional and Continuing Education (PACE), tasked with delivering a Portfolio Analysis Programme focused on governance, regulatory alignment, course viability, and long-term investment strategy across award-bearing provision.

13 January 2026 — University publishes vacancy for Contracts Manager within the Research Office, covering research contracts, collaboration agreements, studentships, IP protection, and contractual risk management.

15–16 January 2026 — The University of Cambridge requested an extension of time for filing its Defence until 2 February 2026 (request received on the evening of 15 January 2026). The Claimant agreed to the extension on 16 January 2026. The Defence deadline was accordingly extended by agreement to 2 February 2026.

19 January 2026 — University vacancy for Senior Executive Assistant / Team Leader within the Governance and Compliance Division, a unit responsible for governance processes, data and information compliance, assurance, internal audit, regulatory compliance, incident management, and business continuity planning. The role involves providing executive support to senior leadership, including the Registrary, Vice-Chancellor’s Office, and Pro-Vice-Chancellors (Ref: AJ48515).

20 January 2026 — Original deadline for the University of Cambridge to file its Defence in Bohuš v. University of Cambridge. Pursuant to the University’s request and with the Claimant’s agreement, the deadline was extended to 2 February 2026.

20 January 2026 — University publishes vacancy for Deputy Post Award Manager within the Research Office, overseeing post-award grant management, financial compliance, and sponsor reporting during a period of service harmonisation and process reform.

23 January 2026 — Technical Architect (University Information Services). A technical governance and architecture role advertised to strengthen end-to-end system coherence, integration standards, and enforcement of institutional policies across research, finance, and administration systems.

26 January 2026 — Case was administratively transferred from Case No. BL-2025-001116 to a new 2026 Business & Property Court listing, BL-2026-BHM-000006, with the claim continuing as a Part 7 breach of contract matter.

26 January 2026 — Business Analyst. A business process and change role advertised to improve internal process design, documentation, and cross-stakeholder alignment within University operational systems.

27 January 2026 — The University of Cambridge published an internal-only vacancy for Governance Manager within the Governance and Compliance Division (Ref: AJ48624). The role supports central University governance processes, including committee work for the General Board of the Faculties, policy development, and governance projects, with regular engagement with senior officers such as the Vice-Chancellor, Pro-Vice-Chancellors, Academic Secretary, and other senior leadership.

29 January 2026 — Assurance and Compliance Manager (Cambridge Research Office). A research assurance role advertised to strengthen oversight of externally funded research, contractual compliance, delegated authority, and risk management following identified governance weaknesses.

2 February 2026 — The University of Cambridge formally served its Defence in the High Court proceedings relating to the disputed NIAB–Cambridge–Bayer studentship contract.

2 February 2026 — A UK Government and Parliament petition titled “Create a UK Rights Charter to replace the EU Charter” was formally launched, proposing a unified modern rights framework to address protections lost following withdrawal from the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.

4 February 2026 — SAR Confirms University’s Refusal of Returned 1231 Writs. In response to Subject Access Request GDPR-2026-01, the University of Cambridge confirmed that it was “not in a position to accept” the returned 1231 Royal Writs of Protection, citing the ongoing High Court proceedings as the basis for this position. This marked the first written confirmation that the University’s refusal—previously issued on 23 December 2025—was institutionally linked to the litigation brought by Bohuš (Claim No. BL-2026-BHM-000006), thereby intertwining the historic act of charter restoration with the live contract dispute.

4 February 2026 — FTP Change Lead (Finance Transformation Programme). A senior change leadership role advertised to embed governance, risk control, and stakeholder alignment into the University’s finance and systems transformation following cross-institutional coordination failures.